This report introduces a new vocabulary as a way to define financial incentives, track their major outcome and impact, and apply this methodology to the study of a number of key incentives. It also provides research findings from a review of the literature in six selected domains: education, employment, transportation, health care and long-term services and supports, income maintenance and asset development, and housing. In addition, this report analyzes research on promising state innovations and introduces a new framework based on four case studies presented with a cost-benefit analysis. The report comprises five chapters.